Dear Jason:

I do not believe the reference to the Star of David in this context refers to the symbol of the "six-pointed hexagram". This reference is CCC 528. Always cite the paragraph number and not the page number. Page numbers can vary.

I think the Star of David in this reference is Christ. He is the messianic light.

The footnotes reveal that conclusion in my opinion:

Matthew 2:2

“Where is he who has been born king of the Jews? For we have seen his star in the East, and have come to worship him.”

This refers to the Star of Bethlehem that the magi used to guide them to the Christ child. 

Numbers 24:17-19

17 I see him, but not now;
I behold him, but not nigh:
a star shall come forth out of Jacob,
and a scepter shall rise out of Israel;
it shall crush the forehead of Moab,
and break down all the sons of Sheth.

18 Edom shall be dispossessed,
Se′ir also, his enemies, shall be dispossessed,
while Israel does valiantly.

19 By Jacob shall dominion be exercised,
and the survivors of cities be destroyed!”

This appears to refer to Christ (a star come forth out of Jacob). Christ is of the line of Jacob and David. This star shall crush Satan and the victory won.

Revelation 22:16 

“I Jesus have sent my angel to you with this testimony for the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, the bright morning star.”

Again a reference to Christ, the offspring of David, as the Star. The "morning star" is the planet Venus visible just before daybreak. Venus was a symbol of victory in the pagan world. Then later it became the symbol of Christ's Resurrection and victory over death (Rev 22:16; 2 Pet 1:19). [Ignatius Bible Commentary on Rev 2:28]

Thus, based on the context and the footnotes, it is clear to me that the Star of David in this passage of the Catechism is Christ.

God Bless,
Bro. Ignatius Mary